[Seasonal variations of community structures phytoplankton in groundwater discharge areas along the Northern Yucatán Peninsula coast]. / Variaciones estacionales de la estructura comunitaria del fitoplancton en zonas de descarga de agua subterránea en la costa norte de la Península de Yucatán.

The highly touristic Yucatán Peninsula is principally constituted with coastal marine environments. Like other coastal areas, this has been affected by the increase of waste water discharge, hydrological modifications and land use changes in the area. The phytoplankton community structure is one of the main components of coastal ecosystems and the most affected in hydrological processes. In order to follow the seasonal variations, the phytoplankton was characterized to follow the hydrological variability in two sites (Dzilam and Progreso) of the Northern Yucatán Peninsula. For this, cruises were carried out monthly during one year, from April 2004 to March 2005, with two samplings per season (dry, rainy and "nortes"). Hydrological variability was associated with seasonality and directly linked to groundwater discharges in the Dzilam area, and waste water discharges in the Progreso area. The highest nutrient concentrations occurred mainly during the rainy season. The phytoplankton community changes observed throughout the year suggested that the hydrological and chemical variability associated with seasonality and anthropogenic impacts have a strong influence. The substitution of diatoms by dinoflagellates as the dominant group in Progreso was the result of seasonal variability itself, but also could have been caused by eutrophic processes; while in Dzilam, the major presence of diatoms could have been favored by groundwater discharges. The results of this study can be used to understand the linkages between stressors from the anthropogenic activities and coastal water quality and changes.

Variaciones estacionales de la estructura comunitaria del fitoplancton en zonas de descarga de agua subterránea en la costa norte de la Península de Yucatán / Seasonal variations of community structures phytoplankton in groundwater discharge areas along the Northern Yucatán Peninsula coast

Seasonal variations of community structures phytoplankton in groundwater discharge areas along the Northern Yucatán Peninsula coast. The highly touristic Yucatán Peninsula is principally constituted with coastal marine environments. Like other coastal areas, this has been affected by the increase of waste water discharge, hydrological modifications and land use changes in the area. The phytoplankton community structure is one of the main components of coastal ecosystems and the most affected in hydrological processes. In order to follow the seasonal variations, the phytoplankton was characterized to follow the hydrological variability in two sites (Dzilam and Progreso) of the Northern Yucatán Peninsula. For this, cruises were carried out monthly during one year, from April 2004 to March 2005, with two samplings per season (dry, rainy and “nortes”).Hydrological variability was associated with seasonality and directly linked to groundwater discharges in the Dzilam area, and waste water discharges in the Progreso area. The highest nutrient concentrations occurred mainly during the rainy season. The phytoplankton community changes observed throughout the year suggested that the hydrological and chemical variability associated with seasonality and anthropogenic impacts have a strong influence. The substitution of diatoms by dinoflagellates as the dominant group in Progreso was the result of seasonal variability itself, but also could have been caused by eutrophic processes; while in Dzilam, the major presence of diatoms could have been favored by groundwater discharges. The results of this study can be used to understand the linkages between stressors from the anthropogenic activities and coastal water quality and changes.

La zona costera es el principal ambiente marino en la Península de Yucatán (SE, México). Sin embargo, se ha visto afectada con el incremento de las descargas de aguas residuales, modificaciones hidrológicas y cambios de uso del suelo. El fitoplancton es una de las comunidades más afectadas por la variabilidad hidrológica. Se caracterizó la estructura de la comunidad de fitoplancton en función de la variabilidad hidrológica en dos sitios (Dzilam y Progreso) a lo largo de la costa Norte de Yucatán. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales durante un año, de abril 2004 a marzo 2005, mediante dos muestreos por época (secas, lluvias y nortes). La variabilidad hidrológica se asocia al patrón climático y está ligado a los aportes de agua subterránea en Dzilam y a las aguas de desecho en Progreso. Estacionalmente, las mayores concentraciones de nutrientes se produjeron principalmente en época de lluvias. Los cambios observados en el fitoplancton a lo largo del año sugieren que la variabilidad hidrológica y química asociada a la estacionalidad y a los impactos antropogénicos tienen una fuerte influencia. La sustitución de diatomeas por dinoflagelados como grupo dominante en Progreso es el resultado de la variabilidad estacional en sí, pero también podría verse favorecido por procesos eutróficos. En Dzilam la mayor presencia de diatomeas es favorecida por las descargas de agua subterránea. Estos resultados pueden utilizarse para comprender los vínculos entre los factores de estrés de las actividades antropogénicas y la calidad del agua.

Toxic and harmful marine phytoplankton and microalgae (HABs) in Mexican Coasts.

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) are becoming an increasing problem to human health and environment (including effects on natural and cultured resources, tourism and ecosystems) all over the world. In Mexico a number of human fatalities and important economic losses have occurred in the last 30 years because of these events. There are about 70 species of planktonic and non-planktonic microalgae considered harmful in Mexican coasts. The most important toxin-producing species are the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum, in the Mexican Pacific, and Karenia brevis in the Gulf of Mexico, and consequently the poisonings documented in Mexico are Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) and Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP). Although there is evidence that Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) and Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) also occur in Mexico, these problems are reported less frequently. The type of phytoplankton and epiphytic microalgae, their toxins and harmful effects as well as current methodology used to study these phenomena are presented in this paper. As an experienced group of workers, we include descriptions of monitoring and mitigation programs, our proposals for collaborative projects and perspectives on future research.

Variations of phytoplankton community structure related to water quality trends in a tropical karstic coastal zone.

Phytoplankton community structure in coastal areas is a result of various environmental factors such as nutrients, light, grazing, temperature, and salinity. The Yucatan Peninsula is a karstic tropical region that is strongly influenced by submerged groundwater discharge (SGD) into the coastal zone. Phytoplankton community structure and its relationship with regional and local water quality variables were studied in four ports of the northwestern Yucatan Peninsula. Water quality was strongly related to SGD, and variations in phytoplankton community structure were related to local nutrient loading and hydrographic conditions, turbulence, and human impacts. Our study provides an ecological baseline for the Yucatan Peninsula and serves as a basis for establishing monitoring programs to predict changes at sites with high hydrological variation and in developing an early alert system for harmful toxic algal blooms.